Tensions between Greece and Turkey center on longstanding Aegean maritime boundaries, island demilitarization claims, and exclusive economic zone rights, with recent spikes driven by overlapping naval and air exercise notices, repeated Turkish airspace violations and interceptions, and Ankara’s objections to Greek-Israeli defense cooperation including the Achilles Shield system. Both sides continue exploratory talks and maintain open communication channels while conducting parallel military drills and mobilization activities. Key near-term catalysts include planned resumption of seabed surveys for the Greece-Cyprus electricity interconnector and Turkish legislative moves tied to its Blue Homeland doctrine. These developments sustain elevated risk of miscalculation during close encounters but occur against a backdrop of NATO membership, economic interdependence, and mutual interest in avoiding outright conflict.